It is important to notice, however, that there are also extinct species scattered inside the envelope and extant species outside. Thus, our findings using quantile regression do not exclude the possibility that additional stressors other than climate change effects on geographical ranges influenced mammalian vulnerability during the last deglaciation by simultaneously affecting other attributes of the large-bodied species. A number of other attributes have been linked to mammal GDC-0879 risk (see Cardillo et al., 2005 and Isaac, 2009), and vulnerability is known to be determined by a combination of species traits, including the trophic level or specific energetic needs (Binzer et al., 2011). Our findings also suggest that stressors other than climate change (e.g., human hunting) can be invoked to explain Pleistocene extinctions of North American mammals (see recent reviews about the potential drivers of the LQE in Koch and Barnosky, 2006 and Haynes, 2009). In this context, the evidence that now-extinct species had persisted through the limiting factors of previous glacial–interglacial transitions (see arguments by Wroe et al., 2013) becomes an important argument in favor of the multiple-driver nature of the LQE (see further evidence in next section).
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